vitamin d promotes calcium absorption in the gut and maintains adequate serum calcium and phosphate concentrations to enable normal bone mineralization and to prevent hypocalcemic tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles, leading to cramps and spasms). in contrast, the endocrine society stated that, for clinical practice, a serum 25(oh)d concentration of more than 75 nmol/l (30 ng/ml) is necessary to maximize the effect of vitamin d on calcium, bone, and muscle metabolism [11,12]. intake recommendations for vitamin d and other nutrients are provided in the dietary reference intakes (dris) developed by expert committees of nasem [1]. animal-based foods typically provide some vitamin d in the form of 25(oh)d in addition to vitamin d3. but despite the importance of the sun for vitamin d synthesis, limiting skin exposure to sunlight and uv radiation from tanning beds is prudent [28]. an analysis of nhanes 2011–2014 data on serum 25(oh)d levels found that most people in the united states aged 1 year and older had sufficient vitamin d intakes according to the fnb thresholds [42]. the u.s. preventive services task force (uspstf) found insufficient evidence to assess the benefits and harms of screening for vitamin d deficiency in asymptomatic adults [6]. people with dark skin greater amounts of the pigment melanin in the epidermal layer of the skin result in darker skin and reduce the skin’s ability to produce vitamin d from sunlight [1]. in this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin d is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin d that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(oh)d to adequate levels over time [65,66]. however, the evidence on the impact of vitamin d and calcium supplements on fractures in community-dwelling individuals is inconsistent.
the results showed no association between 25(oh)d levels or vitamin d dose and the risk of falling in the 184 participants who completed the study. the vitamin d supplements were associated with serum 25(oh)d levels of 54 to 135 nmol/l (21.6 to 54 ng/ml). the vital trial found no association between vitamin d supplementation and the risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps [101]. vitamin d deficiency or insufficiency did not increase the risk of prostate cancer, and higher 25(oh)d concentrations were not associated with a lower risk. in contrast to the observational studies, clinical trials have provided little support for the hypothesis that supplemental vitamin d reduces the risk of cvd or cvd mortality. depression vitamin d is involved in various brain processes, and vitamin d receptors are present on neurons and glia in areas of the brain thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression [128]. observational studies suggest that adequate vitamin d levels might reduce the risk of contracting ms and, once ms is present, decrease the risk of relapse and slow the disease’s progression [136]. in addition, studies have not consistently shown that vitamin d supplementation tempers the signs and symptoms of active ms or reduces rates of relapse. studies have also assessed the value of vitamin d supplementation for managing diabetes, and they have found that the vitamin offers limited benefits. orlistat the weight-loss drug orlistat (xenical® and alli®), together with a reduced-fat diet, can reduce the absorption of vitamin d from food and supplements, leading to lower 25(oh)d levels [162-165]. the combination of these diuretics with vitamin d supplements (which increase intestinal calcium absorption) might lead to hypercalcemia, especially among older adults and individuals with compromised renal function or hyperparathyroidism [165,173,174].
the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin d provides the daily amount needed to maintain healthy bones and normal calcium metabolism in healthy people. this may be due to different study designs, differences in the absorption rates of vitamin d in different populations, and different dosages given to participants. all of the trials used vitamin d supplements containing 800 iu or less. in humans, epidemiological studies show that higher serum levels of vitamin d are associated with substantially lower rates of colon, pancreatic, prostate, and other cancers, with the evidence strongest for colorectal cancer. meta-analyses of epidemiological studies have found that people with the lowest serum levels of vitamin d had a significantly increased risk of strokes and any heart disease event compared with those with the highest levels.
[57,58] while several clinical trials are underway to examine vitamin d as a treatment in persons with ms, there are no clinical trials aimed at prevention of ms, likely because ms is a rare disease and the trial would need to be large and of long duration. collectively, the current evidence suggests that low vitamin d may have a causal role in ms and if so, approximately 40% of cases may be prevented by correcting vitamin d insufficiency. the findings from this large meta-analysis have raised the possibility that low vitamin d levels may also increase risk of or severity of novel coronavirus 2019 (covid-19) infection. a promising report in the archives of internal medicine suggests that taking vitamin d supplements may reduce overall mortality rates: a combined analysis of multiple studies found that taking modest levels of vitamin d supplements was associated with a statistically significant 7% reduction in mortality from any cause. it is advised to not take daily vitamin d supplements containing more than 4,000 iu unless monitored under the supervision of your doctor. eat a variety of whole grains (like whole-wheat bread, whole-grain pasta, and brown rice).
vitamin d is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. in humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin du2083 and vitamin du2082. vitamin d (also referred to as “calciferol”) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is naturally present in a few foods, added to others, vitamin d is both a nutrient we eat and a hormone our bodies make. it is a fat-soluble vitamin that has long been known to help the body absorb and retain vitamin d supplements are used to treat adults with severe vitamin d deficiency, resulting in loss of bone mineral content, bone pain, muscle weakness and soft, .
vitamin d helps your body absorb calcium. you can get vitamin d in three ways: through your skin, from your diet, and from supplements. vitamin d is an essential vitamin that helps regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body. it also plays a role in maintaining proper bone structure. information on vitamin d and the newly researched benefits. vitamin d deficiency can lead to osteoporosis, but new evidence shows benefits of adding vitamin, .
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